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===Water in the Universe=== Much of the universe's water may be produced as a byproduct of star formation. When stars are born, their birth is accompanied by a strong outward wind of gas and dust. When this outflow of material eventually impacts the surrounding gas, the shock waves that are created compress and heat the gas. The water observed is quickly produced in this warm dense gas. Water has been detected in interstellar clouds within our galaxy, the Milky Way. It is believed that water exists in abundance in other galaxies too, because its components, hydrogen and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Interstellar clouds eventually condense into solar nebulae and solar systems, such as ours. Water vapor is present on: * Mercury - 3.4% in the atmosphere, and large amounts of water in Mercury's exosphere * Venus - 0.002% in the atmosphere * Earth - trace in the atmosphere (varies with climate) * Mars - 0.03% in the atmosphere * Jupiter - 0.0004% in the atmosphere * Saturn - in volatiles|ices only * Enceladus (moon of Saturn) - 91% in the atmosphere * exoplanets known as HD 189733 Liquid water is present on: * Earth - 71% of surface * Moon - small amounts of water have been found (in 2008) in the inside of volcanic pearls brought from Moon to Earth by the Apollo 15 crew in 1971 Strong evidence suggests that liquid water is present just under the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Probably some liquid water is on Europa. Water ice is present on: * Earth - mainly on ice sheets * polar ice caps on Mars * Titan (moon)|Titan * Europa (moon)|Europa * Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus Probability or possibility of distribution of water ice is at: lunar ice on the Moon, Ceres (dwarf planet), Tethys (moon). Ice is probably in internal structure of Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto and on comets.
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