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SPECTRAL (STELLAR) CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

The original version of the current MK system was defined by Morgan, Keenan, and Kellman (1943), and a revised list of standards was published in 1953 by Morgan and Johnson. Additional refinements have been added since then.

MK Spectral Classification System (Standard)

Class
Color
Temperature (K)
Composition

O

Dark Blue

28,000-50,000

ionized atoms, especially helium

B

Blue

10,000-28,000

neutral helium, some hydrogen

A

Light Blue

7,500-10,000

strong hydrogen, some ionized metals

F

White

6,000-7,500

hydrogen and ionized metals; calcium and iron

G

Yellow

5,000-6,000

ionized calcium; both neutral and ionized metals

K

Orange

3,500-5,000

Neutral metals

M

Red

2,500-3,500

Strong molecules; titanium oxide, neutral calcium